师：同学们好，今天我们探讨的专题是如何写演讲词，演讲词又叫演讲稿，是在较为隆重的仪式上和某些公众场合发表讲话的文稿。下面我们通过一段视频来感受演讲的魅力，这段视频是丘吉尔在二战期间发表的演讲，起到了鼓舞士气的作用，大家一起来看。

　　（播放视频）

　　Turning once again to the question of invasion, I would observe that there has never been a period in all these long centuries of which we boast when an absolute guarantee against invasion could have been given to our people. But I have myself full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is neglected, and the best arrangements are made as they are being made, we shall prove ourselves once more able to defend our island home, to ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the many successors if necessary, for years if necessary. At any rate, that is what we are going to try to do. That is the resolve of His Majesty's Government. That is the will of Parliament and the nation.

　　The British and French metropolises, linked together in the air force and in the navy, would defend to the death their military strength, aiding each other like good comrades to the utmost of their power. Even though large chunks of Europe and many old and famous states have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France. We shall fight on the seas and oceans. We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight on the landing grounds. We shall fight in the fields and in the streets. We shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.

　　And even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British fleet, would carry on the struggle until, in God's good time, the new world, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.

　　What just happened? He mobilized the English language and sent it into battle.

　　师：好，看完这段视频，同学们有什么感受？我想用视频中军官的话来形容，丘吉尔的演讲，让语言披盔戴甲上阵厮杀。好的演讲应该富有战斗力量。下面我们看看演讲要注意哪四个方面的内容。

　　第一，要确定主题。主题依据不同场合和对象而定。比如国庆期间，习近平主席在天安门广场面对普通民众演讲，和同学在升旗仪式上面对老师和同学演讲，主题肯定不一样。

　　第二，要注意演讲的思路和层次。演讲者主要通过声音传递信息，听众主要通过听觉接收信息，所以演讲思路一定要层次清晰，不能让听众听得云里雾里。

　　第三，要注意文本语言。演讲语言应当有说服力、富有感染力。

　　第四，还要注意体态语言，比如声音的高低轻重，外在形象，演讲节奏等等。

　　接下来我们看演讲词的特征，一般来说演讲词具有四个特征：一是内容上的真实性；二是情境的特定性；三是情感上的说服性；四是口语表达特征。这些概念比较抽象，下面我们来解读一下。

　　首先是内容上的真实性，指演讲的观点和态度必须与生活密切相关，为解决身边问题而来，讲的是生活中真实存在且人们关心的问题，最好取材于自己的经历或身边生活。

　　所谓情境的特定性，指演讲会受到不同目的、情绪、观众及场合的制约。

　　我们来看一个例子，这是帕特里克·亨利在1775年弗吉尼亚州议会上发表的著名演讲——《不自由，毋宁死》。当时正值美国独立战争前夕，关于美国要不要推翻英国殖民统治、争取独立和自由，主战派和主和派各执一词。帕特里克·亨利意识到美国独立战争的必要性，于是在双方辩论会上发表了这个演讲。

　　首先，亨利肯定了在议会上发言的所有议员们的爱国热情和才干，这体现了演讲内容情境的特定性。帕特里克很清楚自己这次演讲的目的是要说服主战派议员与自己并肩作战，目的意识和对象意识非常明确。紧接着，亨利提到议会所面临的问题——我们的国家正处于危难之际，个人认为最严重的是关系到我们是独立自主还是被奴役的大问题，这体现了演讲内容上的真实性。亨利表明这个演讲是为解决国家目前存在的问题而来。

　　所谓情感上的说服性，指演讲要善于打动听众，让听众对内容产生共鸣，具有说服力和感染力。口语表达特征指演讲词应该是一种书面化的口头语言，兼有书面语和口头语的双重特征。一方面，口头语转化成书面语可规范文字，助力演讲；另一方面，把严肃或严谨的书面语转换成口语，可使演讲明白易懂，拉近与听众的距离。我们还是以《不自由，毋宁死》这篇演讲为例。